Iinguqulelo ze-Android

Sonke siyazi ukuba kukho okungapheliyo Iimpawu zokuSebenza, ukuba isoftwe esinceda ukuba senze ikhompyuter okanye isixhobo esiphathwayo ngaphandle kweengxaki. Singazifumana ezona zixhaphakileyo, ezinje ngeWindows, kodwa kukwakho nezinye ngamanye amaxesha ezingabonwa, njengoko bekunjalo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Android. Kule ndawo ungafumana yonke into enxulumene neenkqubo zokusebenza ezikhoyo ngoku, iingcebiso, ulwazi kunye nayo yonke into enento yokwenza nabo.

Qho ngonyaka, i-Android ikhupha ingxelo entsha enezinto ezininzi ezintsha kunye nophuculo. Sikuxelela konke malunga neenguqulelo zamva nje ze-Android, uhlaziyo kunye namahemuhemu okukhutshwa okuzayo.

Kwi-2018, yayiyiminyaka eli-10 okoko kwasungulwa i-Android kwintengiso. Inkqubo yokusebenza kaGoogle ibe nophuhliso olumangalisayo kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ngakumbi nangakumbi abavelisi basebenzisa le nkqubo yokusebenza, eyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye kule minyaka idlulileyo iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo sele zikhutshiwe.

Ngenguqulelo nganye entsha ye-Android, amanqaku amatsha kunye nophuculo olukhulu luye kwinkqubo yokusebenza. Emva koko siza kuthetha ngezi nguqulelo, ukuze ufumane umbono ocacileyo wokuzivelela okuye kwakho kwiminyaka edlulileyo.

Ipie ye-Android 1.0

Inguqulelo yokuqala yenkqubo yokusebenza yaphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni ngoSeptemba 23, 2008. Ifowuni yokuqala ukuyisebenzisa yayiliHTC Dream. Inkqubo yokusebenza yayingafezekanga, kodwa ungabona umbono wento enokuba yiyo ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Eminye imisebenzi esele ikho namhlanje sele iqalile, njengokuvumelanisa ngeGmail, iiapp zikaGoogle ezinje ngeMaphu, Ikhalenda, Abafowunelwa, iYouTube okanye injini yokukhangela kuGoogle kwisikhangeli. Imakethi ye-Android (uguqulelo lokuqala lweVenkile yokuDlala kuGoogle) ikwenziwe yafumaneka kubasebenzisi. Nangona kwiinyanga zokuqala ungakhange uthenge iiapps.

Kuwo wonke u-2009 iinguqulelo ezongezelelweyo zaye zakhutshwa, iBanana Bread 1.1, Ikhekhe 1.5 kunye neDonut 1.6. Kuluhlu lweenguqulelo eziphakathi apho kwenziwa khona imisebenzi emitsha, ukongeza kuphuculo oluthile kwi-Android interface. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu yayiyi-Android 1.6 IDonut, ephawula ukufika kwayo kuluntu ngokubanzi. I-HTC Magic yayiyifowuni engabalulekanga kweso sigaba.

I-Android 2.0 / 2.1 i-Eclair

Nge-26 ka-Okthobha ka-2009, inguqulelo yesibini yenkqubo yokusebenza yafika ngokusesikweni. Iindaba ezininzi zeza nayo, uninzi lwazo lusekhona nanamhlanje. Ukuhamba kwiimephu zikaGoogle kwaziswa, isikhangeli sahlaziywa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye iscreen sasekhaya sasenziwe ngokwezifiso.

Ukwaziswa kokuhamba kwemephu zikaGoogle yayiyinto ephambili ye-Android. Kuba i-smartphone nayo yaba sisixhobo esinokusetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi ukuziqhelanisa okanye ukucwangcisa iindlela. Umsebenzi ophambili kubasebenzisi. Enye yeefowuni ezisebenzise le nguqulo yale nkqubo yayiyi-Galaxy S. Isizukulwana sokuqala sesiphelo sangoku sophawu lwesiKorea.

I-Android 2.2 Froyo

Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa kamva, ngoMeyi 20, 2010, uFroyo wafika. Ngale ndlela, unokubona ukusebenza rhoqo kukaGoogle ukuphucula inkqubo yokusebenza kunye nemisebenzi emitsha kunye notshintsho kuyilo. Le nguqulo yenye yezo zafikelela kubaphulaphuli abaninzi nakwizigidi zabathengi ukunxibelelana kwabo okokuqala ne-Android.

Umhlanganisi weDalvik, imiyalelo yelizwi okanye ukuhambelana kweAdoble Flash zezona nguqu ziphambili zisishiyileyo le nguqulo intsha yenkqubo yokusebenza. Ngolu hlobo lwenkqubo, i-HTC Desire nayo yeza kwimarike. Ifowuni eyayonwabela ukuthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabathengi.

I-Android 2.3 Isonka sejinja

Ekupheleni kuka-2010 sasinenguqulo entsha ye-Android kwintengiso. Ukuba abo bangaphambili bebesele bethathe amanyathelo amakhulu kwinkqubela phambili yabo kwimarike, kunokwenzeka ukuba lolu hlobo belululwandiso lwabo ngokuqinisekileyo. Yeyona nguqulelo icokiswe kunene yenkqubo, ngandlela zonke. Zombini ngokwendlela yoyilo kunye nemisebenzi.

Kuyo, inkxaso yee-sensors ezinjenge-gyroscope okanye i-barometer yafakwa okokuqala. Ukongeza, kwiifowuni ezininzi yayiyinguqulelo yokugqibela abayifumeneyo, kuba uGoogle waqala ukuyeka ukunika inkxaso. Kwakhona kubalulekile kuba kunye nayo, i-Samsung Galaxy Note yokuqala yafika kwimarike.

I-Android 3.0 Inyosi yobusi

Ngomhla ka-Matshi 2011, kwiinyanga nje ezintathu emva kwenguqulo yangaphambili, sinenguqulo entsha ye-Android esele ilungile. Ayilulo naluphi na uhlobo, kuba ifikile kwintengiso embindini wethebhulethi. Ngesi sizathu, ingxelo yenkqubo yokusebenza yaphuhliswa ekwahambelana neetafile.

Ngapha koko, le nguqulo 3.0 iyahambelana kuphela neetafile. Iphawule ukungena kweGoogle kweli candelo lentengiso. Yayiyinguqulelo eyilelwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwiscreen esikhudlwana, esinemisebenzi emitsha kunye neewijethi, kunye nemowudi eyahlukeneyo yokwenza izinto ezininzi. Kwakuyixesha lokwandiswa kwintengiso, apho uninzi lweemveliso zathatha umngcipheko kwiimodeli.

I-Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich

Kwiinyanga ezininzi kamva, ekupheleni kuka-2011, ngokukodwa ngo-Oktobha 12, 2011, inguqulelo ye-4.0 yenkqubo yokusebenza yasungulwa. Inguqulelo ye-Android ibizelwe ukudibanisa yonke into. Kuba yenziwe yafumaneka kuzo zombini iifowuni kunye neetafile. Iphawule ukuqala kwexesha elitsha lenkqubo yokusebenza.

Ngokubonakalayo yayilutshintsho olukhulu kuGoogle. Iimpawu ezinje ngokusetyenziswa kweewijethi ezitshixayo zesikrini, amaqhosha akwi-screen, kunye nokukwazi ukucoca izaziso ngokuthinta. Ikwaphawule ukufika kwe-Android Beam ngokusemthethweni kwintengiso. IMotorola yayiyeyona nto iphambili ngeli xesha, iimodeli ezinje ngeMoto RAZR.

I-Android 4.1 Jelly Bean

Inguqulelo elandelayo yenkqubo yokusebenza, ekhutshwe ngoJuni 2012, yayiyeyona idumileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ukongeza ekubeni yenye yeenkampani eziye zabakho kwindawo yentengiso kwihlabathi liphela. Amava omsebenzisi atshintshe kakhulu, njengoko inkqubo ngoku iphendulile ngendlela engamanzi ngakumbi. Ukusetyenziswa kwakungcono kakhulu.

Imiyalelo yelizwi kunye nokufika kweGoogle ngoku yayizinto ezimbini ezibaluleke kakhulu kwi-Android Jelly Bean. Izaziso ziye zaphuculwa kwaye neProjter Butter nayo yafika, ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo. I-Sony Xperia Z yayiyeyona nto iphambili ngeli xesha. Enkosi kwikhamera yayo ye-13 MP kwaye ungangeni manzi, enye yeefowuni zokuqala ze-Android malunga noku.

I-Android 4.4 KitKat

I-Android 4.4 KitKat yinguqulelo esathandwayo ngabasebenzisi abaninzi namhlanje. Ibeka iziseko zenkqubo yokusebenza namhlanje. UGoogle ubandakanye inani lobuchwephesha, obusekhona kwinkqubo yokusebenza namhlanje. Ukongeza, iphawule ukufika komyalelo ok kaGoogle.

Uyilo luqhubekile nendaleko yalo, lucocekile kwaye lukhululekile ekusebenziseni ujongano. Ukongeza, uphuculo lwenziwe ukuze iifowuni ezisezantsi zisebenze ngcono ngalo lonke ixesha. Ukurekhodwa kwesikrini kwakhona kwaziswa kwizixhobo.

I-Android 5.0 Lollipop

Yaziswa ngoNovemba 2014, yenye yeenguqulelo ezivelise uchulumanco olukhethekileyo phakathi kwabasebenzisi be-Android. Ayisiyonto imangalisayo, kuba yenye yezo zinto zisishiye neenguqu ezinkulu. Uyilo lweMathiriyeli lwenze ukungena kwalo ngale nguqulo yenkqubo yokusebenza. Yayilutshintsho lokuqala olukhulu ukusishiya kwakhe.

Ikwathetha ukufika kweeprosesa ezintsha ezingama-64, kuba i-Android ngoku yayibaxhasa. Inkxaso yeMultiscreen nayo yaziswa, iSmartlock yafikelela kwinkqubo yokusebenza kwaye ekugqibeleni, iProjekthi Volta yafika.

I-Android 6.0 Marshmallow

Ngo-Okthobha u-2015, ingxelo yesithandathu ye-Android yayisele ithengisiwe. Inguqulelo eqhubekayo, apho kwakucacile ukuba uGoogle sele enezimvo ezicace gca malunga nento abafuna ukuyiphumeza ngenkqubo yokusebenza. Kodwa, ukugcina imeko yokwazisa uphuculo olubalulekileyo kuyo.

Kule nguqulo, kwagqitywa ekubeni kuphuculwe esele ikhona kwi-Android. Kwakungekho lutshintsho lukhulu, kodwa zininzi izinto eziphuculweyo, ezazenzelwe ukunika ukusebenza okungcono. Ulawulo lwebhetri luphuculwe, iimvume zeapps ngoku ziyalawuleka, kwaye ukugcinwa okulungisekayo kwakulapha. Ikwazisa kwakhona ikhadi le-SD kwiifowuni ze-Android. UGoogle ngoku ukwazise kwi-Tap, ethi ngandlela thile yenze isiseko sokuba yeyiphi uMncedisi kaGoogle namhlanje.

Android 7.0 Nougat

Inguqulelo yamvanje, ebisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo. Ukufika kwayo phantse kugutyungelwe kukusungulwa kweGoogle Pixel. Ukukhangelwa kwelizwi lelinye lamaqhosha kolu hlobo lwe-Android. Kwakhona useto lolwimi olukhawulezayo. Nangona owona msebenzi ulindelwe ngabaninzi yayiyeefestile ezininzi. Into esele ifikile kunye neNougat.

Njengohlobo lwangaphambili, uGoogle wayezinikele ekuqhubekeni ukuphucula uninzi lwezinto ezikhoyo kwinkqubo yokusebenza. Inkqubela phambili yayo yayihamba kancinci kwimarike, kodwa iyaziwa njengesithsaba njengenguqulo eshiye kunye nophuculo kunye namava omsebenzisi olungileyo.

I-Android 8.0 Oreo

Ikhutshwe ngo-Agasti 2017, le nguqulo ye-Android ibhekiswa kwabaninzi njengeyona ikrelekrele okwangoku. Umncedisi kaGoogle wadityaniswa kwi-Android, esenza ukuba icace gca ukuba ibisele iyinto ebalulekileyo kwisicwangciso senkampani yaseMelika. Ukuphumla, ukuphuculwa okuncinci kwakuza kwinkqubo.

Ukuphuculwa kokugqitywa kokuzenzekelayo, ukwaziswa kweMowudi yeFoto-eMfanekiso. Ukongeza kwii -apps ezikhawulezileyo, onokuzama ngaphandle kokuzifaka, into enokwenzeka kunye nemidlalo. Inguqulelo eza kukhatshwa sisizukulwana sesibini seGoogle Pixel. I-Pixel 2 XL ngokungathandabuzekiyo yenye yeemodeli ezigqibeleleyo kunye nezona ziphezulu zikhutshwe kwi-Android.

I-Android 9.0 Pie

Inguqulelo yamva nje yenkqubo yokusebenza ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ekhutshwe ngo-Agasti 2018. Inguqulelo apho ubukrelekrele bokufakelwa bulapha ukuze buhlale kwi-Android. Yenzelwe ukuba abasebenzisi basebenzise inkqubo yokusebenza ngendlela entsha. Into ebonakaliswa kwizimbo zomzimba.

Uphuculo lwenziwe kulawulo lwebhetri, ukukhanya okuguqukayo. Ukongeza, sibona indlela inotshi eye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo phakathi kweefowuni. Into enyanzela inkqubo kunye neeapps ukuziqhelanisa noyilo olutsha kwii-smartphones ze-Android.

Android 10.0

I-Android 10.0 yinguqulelo yamva nje yenkqubo yokusebenza yeselula kaGoogle, enoluhlu lweempawu ezongeziweyo ezenza uphuculo olubalulekileyo kwiinguqulelo zangaphambili. Le nguqulo ye-Android inikezela ngamava omsebenzisi igudile kwaye ikhuselekile, kunye nokusebenziseka okukhulu kubasebenzisi.

Enye yeenguqu eziphambili kule nguqulo ye-Android yi uyilo lojongano olutsha lomsebenzisi enomdla kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Uyilo olutsha lwenza kube lula ukuhamba ngenkqubo kwaye luvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafumane ngokukhawuleza oko bakufunayo. Ii-icon ngoku zikhulu kwaye zicace ngakumbi, kwaye uyilo lulonke lolona lwangoku kwaye luncinci.

I-Android 10.0 nayo izisa ukhuseleko kunye nophuculo lwabucala. Umzekelo, ngoku kukho into entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi "Location Limit" ekuvumela ukuba ulawule ukuba lungakanani ulwazi owabelana ngalo ngeeapps kunye neenkonzo. Oku kukunceda ukukhusela ubumfihlo bakho kwaye uthintele idatha yakho ekusebenziseni kakubi.

Ukongeza, le nguqulo ye-Android nayo iphucule inkxaso yayo yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngoku inokusetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo, ezinje ngee-smartphones, iitafile, ii-smartwatches, kunye nezinye izixhobo. Oku kwenza i-Android ibe yinketho eguquguqukayo ngakumbi kubasebenzisi.

I-Android 10.0 iye nayo iphucule inkxaso yayo yezicelo kunye nemidlalo. Ngoku kukho iinketho ezininzi zabasebenzisi, kubandakanya ukukwazi ukudlala ubunyani benyani kunye nemidlalo yokwenyani eyandisiweyo. Oku kwenza amava emidlalo abengcono kwaye abe mnandi ngakumbi.

Ikwabonelela nge- ukuphucuka okubalulekileyo kwibhetri. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi banokonwabela ubomi obude bebhetri, bevumela ii-smartphones ukuba ziqhube ixesha elide ngaphandle kokutshaja.

Android 11.0

Enye yezinto eziphambili ze-Android 11.0 yi ukhuseleko oluphuculweyo kunye nobumfihlo. Yongezwe into evumela abasebenzisi ukuba balawule ukuba ngubani onokufikelela kwidatha yomntu, njengendawo, ikhamera, kunye nemakrofoni. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi bafumana ulawulo olungcono kwidatha yobuqu ababelana ngayo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ye-Android 11.0 yi unxibelelwano oluphuculweyo. Abasebenzisi ngoku banokuqhagamshela kwi-Intanethi nge-Wi-Fi, iBluetooth, kunye ne-5G. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi banokusebenzisa izixhobo zabo ngesantya esikhulu kunye noluhlu.

Kwakhona, i-Android 11.0 ibandakanya ukuphuculwa kwebhetri, ukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bagcine amandla ngelixa besonwabela amava omsebenzisi. Olu guqulelo lwenkqubo yokusebenza lukwabonelela nge ngcono ukusetyenziswa kwememori, evumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafumane okuninzi kwizixhobo zabo.

I-Android 11.0 nayo inikezela ukuphuculwa kwamava okudlala. Olu guqulelo lwesixokelelwano esisebenzayo lulungiselelwe ukunika ukusebenza okuphuculweyo kwemidlalo, ivumela abasebenzisi ukonwabela amava okudlala nokuba basisebenzisa siphi isixhobo.

Android 12.0

Le nguqulo iza ilayishwe uphuculo kunye neempawu ezintsha eziza kwenza ubomi bube lula kubasebenzisi.

Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo ze-Android 12.0 yi ujongano lomsebenzisi omtsha. Olu jongano lwenzelwe ukuba lube lula ngakumbi kwaye lube lwangoku, kunye nombala omtsha, ukuqonda ngcono izijekulo, oopopayi abagudileyo, kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso ngakumbi.

Olunye uphuculo olubalulekileyo inkxaso yefomati yomfanekiso we-HEIC. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi ngoku banokuthatha iifoto kwifomathi ekumgangatho ophezulu ngaphandle kokuchaphazela indawo yokugcina, efanelekileyo kubasebenzisi abaneememori ezisezantsi.

Android 12.0 kakhulu luphucule ulawulo lwabucala, okuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi banolawulo olungaphezulu koko babelana ngako nomntu wesithathu. Abasebenzisi ngoku banokunciphisa ukufikelela kwidatha yomntu, bagqibe xa ulwazi lwabelwana ngaso, kwaye zeziphi ii-apps ezinokubona ulwazi.

Android 12.0 kakhulu iphucule ukusebenza kwebhetri. Oku kuthetha ukuba iifowuni ngoku zinokuhamba ixesha elide phakathi kweentlawulo, ilungile kwabo bachitha ixesha elininzi kude nekhaya kwaye abanakho ukufikelela kwizibuko lokutshaja.

Kwakhona, i-Android 12.0 nayo ulawulo lokhuseleko luphuculwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzisi banokukhuseleka ngakumbi xa besebenzisa izixhobo zabo, njengoko inkqubo yokusebenza ngoku iyakwazi ukubona izisongelo ezinokubakhona kwaye izithintele ngaphambi kokuba zenze nawuphi na umonakalo.

Android 13

I-Android 13 yinguqulelo ye-Android, inkqubo yokusebenza yezixhobo eziphathwayo, eyakhutshwa ngoJuni 2020. Yinguqulelo ephuculweyo ye-Android enenani lezinto ezintsha kunye nokuphuculwa.

I-Android 13 ikwabandakanya inguqulelo entsha ye-Google Play Services API eyaziwa ngokuba Android Runtime (ART). Le API isekelwe kulwimi lweprogram yeJava kwaye ivumela abaphuhlisi ukuba benze izicelo ezinolwazi olungcono lomsebenzisi. Le API ikwabandakanya uphuculo lokusebenza, iimpawu zokhuseleko ezongeziweyo, kunye nokuhambelana okukhulu nezixhobo ze-Android.

Olunye uphawu olubalaseleyo lwe-Android 13 yinkxaso yeqonga elitsha lenyani likaGoogle, ukuba nombono. Eli qonga livumela abasebenzisi ukuba banandiphe umxholo wokwenyani kwizixhobo zabo eziphathwayo. Eli qonga likwabonelela ngamava omsebenzisi aphuculwe kakhulu enkosi kwimizobo ephuculweyo, inkxaso yolawulo lwentshukumo, kunye nokuhambelana okukhulu nezixhobo ze-Android.

Xa kuthelekiswa neenguqulelo zangaphambili ze-Android, i-Android 13 ibonelela ngenani lophuculo olubalulekileyo kubasebenzisi. Olu phuculo lubandakanya ujongano lwangoku ngakumbi lomsebenzisi, amava angcono omsebenzisi, ukuhambelana okukhulu nezixhobo ze-Android, ukuphuculwa kokusebenza, kunye nokhuseleko olungcono. Olu phuculo lwenza i-Android 13 ibe yinguqulelo ephuculwe kakhulu yeyandulelayo kwaye ibonelele ngokukhuthaza okukhulu kwimpumelelo ye-Android.